history of the internet :: essays research papers

In 1964, the RAND proposal was put forward. Written by Paul Baran, this proposal stated the principles of a bare-ass network which was to be built for maximum strength and flexibility. This new network would have no central authority. The principles of this network were that all the knobs would be equal in status and each could send and receive messages.All the messages would be sent in packets, each with its own address. These packets would be sent at peerless inspissation and would arrive at another one. This may seem rather obvious, but what was new was that the way the packets went through the net was not important. That means that if one node was destroyed, the rest of the nodes would still be able to communicate. This is of course was inefficient and rather slow, but extremely reliable. The Internet still uses this method nowadays, and there has been only one collective crash so far.The Pentagons Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) wanted to install an advanced networ k based on the principles in the US. The network was called ARPANET and consisted of quatern high speed computers (nodes). In 1969, the first node was installed in UCLA. By 1971 there were 23 nodes on ARPANET.In 1972 the first e-mail program was created by Ray Tomlinson of BBN. He chose the symbol to link the username to the address. Telnet protocol imparted logging on to a distant computer. It was published as Request for Comments (RFC). These were means of sharing developmental work throughout the network community. Instead of using the ARPANET for long distance computing, the scientists used it for communicating with each other. Each user had his/her own e-mail address.In 1973, Development began on the protocol later to be called TCP/IP, it was developed by a group headed by Vinton Cerf from Stanford and Bob Kahn from DARPA. This new protocol was to allow diverse computer networks to interconnect and communicate with each other (Kristula 1974-1983). During its development was when the term Internet was first used. TCP/IP was adopted by the incision of Defense in 1980 replacing the old NCP and became universal in 1983. Also in 1983 ARPANET split into ARPANET and the military segment, MILNET. MILNET became integrated with the Defense Data Network created the anterior year. Thanks to TCP/IP and its decentralized structure, ARPANET grew and grew during the early eighties.

Comparing Poor Mans Pudding, Bartleby, Ministers Black Veil, or Masqu

Lack of Epiphany in Poor Mans pud, Bartleby, Ministers Black Veil, or mask of the Red final stage In the Melville stories, Poor Mans Pudding and Rich Mans Crumbs and Bartleby, the scribe, the bank clerks go by dint of what appear to be life-changing experiences. Hawthorne offers a similar outline in The Ministers Black Veil as does Poe in Masque of the Red Death. Yet, at the conclusion of each of these stories, there is no evidence to suggest that the narrator is affected by the differences (and perhaps similarities) of their lives and those less fortunate. In Poor Mans Pudding and Rich Mans Crumbs The narrator has the opportunity to absorb, as much as an outsider can, the heartache and trials of the lower sort. While he can non deny the experience of being in the Coulters home as thought provoking-- that appears to be all it is for him. hardly the instinct of the little is wiser than we think. He does not totally align himself with the upper class in the second part of the story just he will not refuse the benefits and privileges of wealth. He may be innerly affected by the gluttony and callousness of the rich and the sympathetic circumstances of the poor, but any inward conversion is not exemplified in his outward behavior. ..Of all the preposterous assumptions of human over humanity, nothing exceeds most of the criticisms made on the habits of the poor by the well-housed, well-warmed, and nourished.Here, I believe, the reader is the one who is changed by the narrators experiences and the lack of change on the part of the narrator is upsetting to the reader. The reader is able to go with the narrator through both situations, but unlike the narrator, the reader is able to sympathize with th... ...ected by the differences (and perhaps similarities) of their lives and those less fortunate. They stand at the crossroad that would define their character and their approaching course of action. Some choose ambivalence, some choose to see and enchantm ent away, others may even convince themselves that they are actually better than they used to be. But without acting on any internal change these people cast off failed to convince the reader that they have been redeemed. Their inability or unwillingness to extend themselves to the typeface of brotherhood and human kindness is their testament. The reader has no pity for these men, but unlike them the reader can internalize the lessons of their experiences and effect change in their bear lives. Their failure to act is their greatest folly, but the reader can approach above these characters, recognizing their failure and take a different path. Comparing Poor Mans Pudding, Bartleby, Ministers Black Veil, or MasquLack of Epiphany in Poor Mans Pudding, Bartleby, Ministers Black Veil, or Masque of the Red Death In the Melville stories, Poor Mans Pudding and Rich Mans Crumbs and Bartleby, the Scrivener, the narrators go through what appear to be life-changing experienc es. Hawthorne offers a similar outline in The Ministers Black Veil as does Poe in Masque of the Red Death. Yet, at the conclusion of each of these stories, there is no evidence to suggest that the narrator is affected by the differences (and perhaps similarities) of their lives and those less fortunate. In Poor Mans Pudding and Rich Mans Crumbs The narrator has the opportunity to absorb, as much as an outsider can, the heartache and trials of the lower class. While he cannot deny the experience of being in the Coulters home as thought provoking-- that appears to be all it is for him. But the instinct of the poor is wiser than we think. He does not totally align himself with the upper class in the second part of the story but he will not refuse the benefits and privileges of wealth. He may be inwardly affected by the gluttony and callousness of the rich and the sympathetic circumstances of the poor, but any inward conversion is not exemplified in his outward behavior. ..Of all the p reposterous assumptions of humanity over humanity, nothing exceeds most of the criticisms made on the habits of the poor by the well-housed, well-warmed, and well-fed.Here, I believe, the reader is the one who is changed by the narrators experiences and the lack of change on the part of the narrator is upsetting to the reader. The reader is able to go with the narrator through both situations, but unlike the narrator, the reader is able to sympathize with th... ...ected by the differences (and perhaps similarities) of their lives and those less fortunate. They stand at the crossroad that would define their character and their future course of action. Some choose ambivalence, some choose to see and turn away, others may even convince themselves that they are actually better than they used to be. But without acting on any internal change these people have failed to convince the reader that they have been redeemed. Their inability or unwillingness to extend themselves to the cause of brotherhood and human kindness is their testament. The reader has no pity for these men, but unlike them the reader can internalize the lessons of their experiences and effect change in their own lives. Their failure to act is their greatest folly, but the reader can rise above these characters, recognizing their failure and take a different path.

Separation Of Church And State Essay -- History Historical Education R

Separation of church service and StateBy the middle of the 20th Century, the United States had emerged as a cosmospower. It accomplished this through its leadership in defeating Germany andJapan in solid ground War II. These two countries main objective was to enslave theworld and destroy political, religious, and sparing broaddom. In Germany orJapan, anyone who disagreed with these goals, or was different was destroyed.This was a common come in these two fascist countries. Unfortunately, atthe same time of its emergence as a world power, the United States began to slipinto a form of legal fascism. This slide began when the U.S. imperative homagebegan to abandon the religious principles on which this nation was founded.The forsaking officially began in 1947 in Everson v. Board of Education, whenthe court announced, The 1st amendment has erected a wall between church andstate. That wall must be kept elevated and impregnable. We could not approve theslightest breach. (Barton , Original p.13) This exact case began the reversalof Supreme Court trends and opinions that had lasted for one hundred and fiftyyears. Now, for almost fifty years, the Supreme Court , and the United Statespopulation in general, has used the phrase dissolution of church and state when carry onring to the religion clause of the 1st Amendment.The 1st amendments actual wording is relative shall make no law respecting anestablishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. (Barton,America To p.15) But, because of the Supreme Courts continuous citing of a wall of separation and separation of church and state, the publics idea ofthe 1st amendments religion clause has been do by phrases which do notappear anywhere in the authorship. The First Congress, which passed thisAmendment in 1789, intended to prohibit the establishment of a national religion.In fact, they didnt brain the establishment of official religions by states.At the start of the American Revolution, nine of the xiii colonies hadestablished religions, so obviously no one was opposed to the duo of churchand state.Unfortunately, this separation talk has been so furiously pounded into our heads,that a picture is painted falsely into our heads a picture of a roomful ofgodless atheists, agnostics, and deists framing our Constitution in 178... ...efore Everson v. Board of Education, the Supreme Courtmade countless decisions regarding religion that in a flash contradict the past 50years of religious oppression. Some of these decisions refer to the U.S. as aChristian country. One, Davis v. Beason, in 1889, strikes down bigamy andpolygamy, rejecting arguments that they were religious exercises. The Courtstates Davis, a Mormon, was wrong, and that his actions were crimes by the lawsof all civilized and Christian countries. This decision clearly shows the life of the legislators of the era.(Barton, Original.. p.64-65)The solution to this problem lies in educating the people of this great rep ublicas to the attentive of the Founders. In the evidence presented, it can be clearlyseen that the judicial fascism existence practiced today and now, is clearly notwhat the Founding Fathers intended for our country. The solution to thereligious liberty/school prayer debate lies in the hands of Congress.(Barton, Aguide.. p.36)The media portrays supporters of a school prayer amendment as a radical fringeminority, when juvenile studies and surveys have shown that 71% of people favor anamendment for school prayer. Separation Of Church And State Essay -- History Historical Education RSeparation of Church and StateBy the middle of the 20th Century, the United States had emerged as a worldpower. It accomplished this through its leadership in defeating Germany andJapan in World War II. These two countries main objective was to enslave theworld and destroy political, religious, and economic freedom. In Germany orJapan, anyone who disagreed with these goals, or was diffe rent was destroyed.This was a common practice in these two fascist countries. Unfortunately, atthe same time of its emergence as a world power, the United States began to slipinto a form of judicial fascism. This slide began when the U.S. Supreme Courtbegan to abandon the religious principles on which this nation was founded.The abandonment officially began in 1947 in Everson v. Board of Education, whenthe court announced, The 1st amendment has erected a wall between church andstate. That wall must be kept high and impregnable. We could not approve theslightest breach. (Barton, Original p.13) This exact case began the reversalof Supreme Court trends and opinions that had lasted for one hundred and fiftyyears. Now, for almost fifty years, the Supreme Court , and the United Statespopulation in general, has used the phrase separation of church and state whenreferring to the religion clause of the 1st Amendment.The 1st amendments actual wording is Congress shall make no law respecting a nestablishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. (Barton,America To p.15) But, because of the Supreme Courts continuous citing of a wall of separation and separation of church and state, the publics idea ofthe 1st amendments religion clause has been shaped by phrases which do notappear anywhere in the Constitution. The First Congress, which passed thisAmendment in 1789, intended to prohibit the establishment of a national religion.In fact, they didnt mind the establishment of official religions by states.At the start of the American Revolution, nine of the thirteen colonies hadestablished religions, so obviously no one was opposed to the coupling of churchand state.Unfortunately, this separation talk has been so furiously pounded into our heads,that a picture is painted falsely into our heads a picture of a roomful ofgodless atheists, agnostics, and deists framing our Constitution in 178... ...efore Everson v. Board of Education, the Supreme Courtmade countless decisions regarding religion that directly contradict the past 50years of religious oppression. Some of these decisions refer to the U.S. as aChristian country. One, Davis v. Beason, in 1889, strikes down bigamy andpolygamy, rejecting arguments that they were religious exercises. The Courtstates Davis, a Mormon, was wrong, and that his actions were crimes by the lawsof all civilized and Christian countries. This decision clearly shows theintent of the legislators of the era.(Barton, Original.. p.64-65)The solution to this problem lies in educating the people of this great republicas to the intent of the Founders. In the evidence presented, it can be clearlyseen that the judicial fascism being practiced today and now, is clearly notwhat the Founding Fathers intended for our country. The solution to thereligious liberty/school prayer debate lies in the hands of Congress.(Barton, Aguide.. p.36)The media portrays supporters of a school prayer amendment as a radical fringeminority, when recent studies and surveys have shown that 71% of people favor anamendment for school prayer.

Light, Darkness, and Idolatry in The Damnation of Theron Ware :: Essays Papers

Light, Darkness, and Idolatry in The Damnation of Theron WareIn the first chapter of The Damnation of Theron Ware, Harold Frederic describes in tedious detail every sight, sound, and structure comprising the annual Nedahma group of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Using images that evoke Dantes Empyrean or Tenth Heaven (Cantos XXX-XXXIII of Paradiso), Frederic remarks upon the hierarchical alignment of the clergy in attendance as well as the tendency of every eye present at the conference to be fixed upon a common objective point. Here Dantes and Frederics versions of the saved diverge. Frederics Methodists gaze non at an all-encompassing, all-penetrating light, but at a Bishop whose vision fails him as he reads through a list of ministers assignments for the coming year. The difference here, as distinct as the light Dante sees, begins Frederics meditation on a major and plain unanswerable question in the novel. With Theron as his guinea pig, Frederic systematically poses the questi on of where equity originates. The locale of attention of the entire assembly at Tecumseh proclaims nothing of overwhelming right or even permanence. The light, on the other hand, originates ...from numerous tin-lined circles of flaring gas-jets arranged on the ceiling... (Frederic 1). This light transcends and shines down upon the entire group. Here Frederic sets up the notion that truth comes not from one particular point but from several, some of which we might not be able to see.Dante, remarking on his final vision of the Eternal Light, says, In its profundity I saw--ingathered / and bound by love into one single volume-- / what, in the universe, seems separate, scattered... (Paradiso XXXIII, 85-87). Setting aside obvious colloquial, linguistic, and stylistic differences which account for the six-hundred years which separate these two authors, the above quotation bears striking resemblance to the words of another seemingly enlightened character, Father Forbes. He states, in h is first conversation of length with TheronSo the truth remains always the truth, even though you give a charter to ten hundred thousand separate numskulls to examine it by the light of their private judgment, and report that it is as many different varieties of something else (Frederic 70).This assertion that the truth exists beyond the realm of earthly understanding is echoed in Father Forbes final words to Theron, which reverberate like the sound of the door slammed in the ministers face The truth is always relative, Mr. Ware... (Frederic 326).

Social Security in the 21st Century :: essays research papers

The 2004 Report of the Social security measures Trustees is in but the control board is still out arguing the findings of the report. Agree or not, the masses have a good idea of the final ruling and they all agree that the menstruation state of the social security system has suffered, for a very long time, from an ongoing deficit problem that will continue to grow unless immediate travel are taken to address the problem. People, on both sides of the fence, argue in support or against the presidents proposed plan to save the Social tribute system. Yet, they all concede and acknowledge that in reality a problem does exist and unless calculated measures are taken, this problem cannot be controlled and will snow bullock block the Social Security System into bankruptcy.The Social Security system was designed in 1935 for a world that is very different from today. In 1935, most women did not work outside the home. Today, about 60% of women work outside the home. In 1935, the average American did not live long enough to collect hideaway benefits. Today, life expectancy is 77 years. (2004 Report of the Social Security Trustees, p. 81) Benefits are expected to rise dramatically over the next few decades. Because benefits are buttoned to wage growth rather than inflation, benefits are growing faster than the rest of the economy. This benefit formula was established in 1977. As a result, the current 20-year grey contributor is promised benefits, which are 40% higher than what will be paid to seniors who retire this year. However, the current system does not have the money to pay these promised benefits. Furthermore, the seclusion of the Baby Boomers will accelerate the problem. In just 2 years, the first of the Baby Boom generation will begin to retire, putting added strain on a system that was not designed to meet the needs of the 21 century. By 2031, there will be almost twice as numerous older Americans as today, a drastic increase from 37 million today to 71 million. Currently, there are fewer workers to support our retirees. When Social Security was first created, there were 40 workers supporting every one retiree. At the same time, most workers did not live long enough to collect hideaway benefits from the system. Since then, the demographics of the society have changed dramatically where people are living longer and having fewer children.

Capital Punishment Essays -- essays research papers

Capital penalization is necessary in order for justice to prevail. Capital punishment is theexecution of criminals for committing crimes, so bad that this is the only acceptablepunishment. Capital punishment lowers the murder rate, but its value as retribution aloneis a good reason for handing reprieve through death sentences. It is one of the only fair punishmentsallowed by the judicial system. Another issue is that it saves money compared to thealternative of life in prison. In 1972, in the exemplar of Furman vs. Georgia, declared capital punishment cruel andunusual punishment. However after the Supreme Court Decision of Gregg vs. Georgia,the Supreme Court said that capital punishment was not unconstitional and the capitalpunishment resumed under new guidelines.There are seven main types of execution Hanging, where the prisoner isblindfolded and stands on a detain door, with a rope around his neck. The trap door isopened suddenly. The weight of the prisoners body below the ne ck causes tractionseparating the spinal cord from the brain. The second about widely used technique isshooting, where a firing quad shoots the prisoner from some meters away. Anothermethod is Guillotine, a device consisting of a heavy vane held aloft between uprightguides and dropped to behead the victim below. Then there was Garroting, in which atightened iron collar is used to strangle or break the neck of a condemned person. One ofthe more r...

Dreams and Omens in The Hobbit and Julius Caesar Essay

The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien is an adventure story about Bilbo Baggins, who is a mythical creature called a hobbit. Bilbo goes on an adventure with thirteen dwarves and a genius to capture a treasure from a dragon. Julius Caesar by William Shakespe be is a play about Julius Caesar, a real Roman Emperor who is assassinated by semipolitical enemies that he thinks argon his friends. These stories atomic number 18 very different, but in both dreams and omens are very important.The dreams in The Hobbit and Julius Caesar are similar because they show what happens if you do non pay attention to what is going on around you and what happens if you do not listen to warnings in dreams. In The Hobbit, when they first get to the cave in the foggy Mountains, the dwarves, Bilbo, and Gandolf all look around to see if it is safe. Since they do not find anyone inside, they decide it is ok to sleep there. At first Biblo has a hard quantify falling asleep. Once he does, he has a pretty dream. In his dream, a crack in the wall at the back of the cave got bigger and bigger, and opened wider and wider. After that, he dreamed that the floor of the cave was giving way, and he was slippingbeginning to fall down. When Bilbo wakes up, he sees that part of his dream is genuinely happening. Their ponies are being lead away through a crack in the cave wall, and soon the same thing happens to the dwarves and Bilbo (Tolkien, 59). Since Biblo had a hard time falling asleep, it seems like he knew something was wrong, but did not know what it was. In the dream though the problem became obvious. Later, Bilbo dreams about black bears dancing around when Beorn and other bears are outside the window having a meeting.Part if this is because J. R. R. Tolkien once said that he made hobbits small in coat because it reflects the generally small clench of their imaginationsnot the small reach of their courage or latent power (Carpenter, 180). Many of Bilbos dreams are not very imaginative. E xcept the one dream he has were he is looking for something in his house, he usually either dreams of something that is actually happening, like went he dreams of a warrior, altogether insignificant in size but provided with a bitter sword and great courage (215) or he dreams of food because he is very hungry (152).In the play Julius Caesar, Cassius and Brutus are plotting to hide Caesar, but Julius Caesar thinks they are his friends. When they are all standing together, the Soothsayer tells Caesar Beware the ides of March (I. ii. 18). It would be impossible for Caesar to know the day that Cassius and Brutus were going to kill him, but if Caesar were paying more attention, he might allow noticed that they were not really his friends and were going to try to overthrow him. One difference in the role of omens and dreams in Julius Caesar and The Hobbit is how the characters react to them.In Julius Caesar people notice the bad omens and dream but terminate them. For example, when the Soothsayer tells Caesar to beware of the ides of March, Caesar tells everyone to ignore him. Also, when Calphurnia tells Caesar she has had a bad dream and he should not leave the house, Caesar first disagrees with her, and then tells her he will stay home. Then when Decius makes fun of him for listening to his wifes dreams, and says that for Caesar to pull up would make him seem frightened in the eyes of the Roman plebeians, Caesar hurriedly agrees to go to the Senate (Cahn, 15).When Caesar gets to the Senate, the men there kill him. In The Hobbit, the dreams are different. Either they are like the one Bilbo has in the cave and cannot be ignored, or they are about something that Bilbo and the dwarves can do nothing about, like hunger, and so they have to be ignored. The one time that they do have notice about an omen is when Elrond tells them how to enter the Lonely Mountain. When it is finally time, they do what he told them to do, and get into the secret glamour (209).Dreams a nd omens are very important in Julius Caesar and The Hobbit because they sometimes show the characters something that they did not realize. In Julius Caesar, the characters have enough notice about what is going to happen, but they ignore the meanings of the dreams and omens and Julius Caesar dies because he does everything they tell him not to do. In The Hobbit, the characters do not usually have enough time to do anything about the dreams because they have them about things that are already happening, but when they do have a chance, they listen to the omen from Elrond and are able to enter the Lonely Mountain.In both books, the omens and dreams are right, and the characters have to decide if they want to follow them. If they do not follow them bad things happen, but if they do, they can be successful. Bibliography Cahn, Victor, The plays of Shakespeare A Thematic Guide, Westport, CT Greenwood Press 2003. Carpenter, Humphrey, J. R. R. Tolkien A Biography, New York Harcourt Press 20 00. Shakespeare, William, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, New York Penguin 2000. Tolkien, J. R. R. The Hobbit, New York Ballantine Books 1996.

Prayer In Public Schools Essay

The pros and cons of supplication in exoteric schools have been debated for over forty years. The foundation of the United States is based on religious tolerance. The pilgrims came to this unc wager outh because they were non free to worship and serve God leading to the guarantee of religious freedom in the Constitution. In years past, it was not acceptable in this country to proclaim disbelief in God. Prayer in schools was an integral part of religious life. During the 1940s and 1950s, conservatives and liberals recalld morality focusing on a in the flesh(predicate) relationship with Christ should be taught in schools (Zimmerman, pg. 1). It was not until the 1960s that individuals began to have issues with this status quote.With more and more citizens coming forward to date for their individual religious skillfuls, it was decided by the autonomous Court that since everyone does not believe in God (or does not believe in the same God) open prayer should be removed from hu mans schools. This does not mean that all prayer was removed from public schools. The 1962 ruling of the arbitrary Court found organized school prayer unconstitutional (Manegold, pg. 1), which means that students can still pray privately. Yet, some people still found this unacceptable. No matter what side of the issue someone sits on, the fight surrounding prayer in public schools is deep and long-running.Separation of church service and state is a fundamental premise of our Constitution and our country, (pbs.org, pg. 1). Prayer represents church and the Supreme Court and public schools represent state. The Constitution infers that the two should never meet. Those who oppose prayer in schools, first argue that prayer in public schools bring in church and state together.The 1962 decision brought a surprising number of religious supporters. Martin Luther King Jr. was one such supporter. Its prayer decision was unspoiled and good, King declared, reaffirming something that is basic in our Constitution, namely separation of church and state (Zimmerman, pg. 1). Pastors and proclaimed Christians supported the Supreme Court because they did not want the state or government mixing in church affairs.Another argument focuses on personal rights guaranteed by the Constitution. As citizens of the United States, every person is guaranteed certain rights and public prayer impinges on those rights. Personal religious beliefs should not be forced onto someone else. Everyone has a right to pray and believe in what they want, whenever they want.The 1st amendment sets out the principles regarding religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. Basically, it protects our rights to worship as we want, say what we want, publish what we want, gather in groups, and make our concerns known to the government. It also prohibits the government from identifying with a particular religion effectively separating church and state (pbs.org, pg. 1).When students are allowed to prayer public ly, the issue of others imposing their personal beliefs on others will occur. Prayer in school inhibits personal and guaranteed rights.Supporters of prayer in public schools believe the Supreme Court has overstepped its authority. The supreme Courtserves to clarify, refine and test the ideals written into the Constitution (pbs.org, pg. 1). It is their job to interpret the Constitution when lawsuits are filed concerning Constitutional laws. As a result of restricted prayer in public school, supporters of prayer continue to flood Congress with proposals to keep the issue alive (Zimmerman, pg. 1), fighting to bring organized prayer back into public schools. Supporters argue that the amount of violence in todays schools is directly linked to the ban of prayer in schools. It is not just a matter of students fist fighting but violence often involve knifes and guns, resulting in deaths. Juvenile delinquency is on the rise. the States is in an advanced state of moral decline, (Zimmerman, pg . 2). Those in favor of prayer in schools are convinced that if God is brought back into the classroom, the violence will stop. The password teaches against violence and teaches love and tolerance. Collective and organized prayer will bring students together and stop violence. The United States is a diverse country with millions of people who believe in different religions and serve different Gods (or the same God called by different names). Students have a right to go to school and not be made to feel uncomfortable because of public prayer. The problem with supporters of prayer in public schools is that they do not understand the Supreme Courts 1962 ruling. The Supreme Courts ruled organized prayer is unconstitutional. Students can still pray privately. There is no reason to have public prayer unless the close is to sway individuals to a particular way of thinking.Twenty-two years before the 1962 ruling, in 1940, the Supreme Court ruled that a public school may require students t o salute the flag and pledge allegiance even if it violates their religious scruples (pbs.org, pg. 2). Although this ruling was overturned three years later, it shows how the subject of school and religion has always been a murky area.The issue of prayer in school remains unsettled from the Supreme Court to local governments to school officials (Manegold, pg. 1). The first amendment has guaranteed everyone the right to free speech, therefore, citizens of the United States will continue to fight for rights they believe have been infringed in any way. The debate over prayer in school has not ended and is not likely to end in the near future.Works CitedManegold, Catherine S. February 5, 1994. Senators Take a Cautious Stand on rail Prayer. New York Times. Retrieved from http//query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html.PBS. April 5, 2001. School and Religion. Virginia. Retrieved from http//www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/features/jan-june00/school_prayer.htm.Zimmerman, Jonathan. January 25, 2001. T he Other Massive Resistance School Prayer and the Conservative Revolution, 1962-1984. New York University. Retrieved from http//www.virginia.edu/uvanewsmakers/newsmakers/zimmerman.html.

What Is a Bboy?

David Le Date 3/20/13 Dr. Hasell ENGL 1301 38107 Word Count 1,159 What is a Bboy? (final) Bboying is not just a movement. It is a passion, a language, a form of art and expression. The terms bboy (be-boy) and breaker come from the words beat boy and break boy. Bboy refers to some angiotensin-converting enzyme who dances to the beat of the music and breaker refers to someone who dances to the break section of a song. The part of a song where there is no singing, just pure instrumental music. Essenti whollyy bboys and ledgeman are the same.Breaking is very different and unique when you compare it to other styles of dance. Ballet revolves just ab issue graceful movements while bboying post be whatever the dancer feels care doing during a song. All that matters is the beat of the music and the passion of the dancer. The most important thing about bboying is having the opportunity to express yourself, that brief moment when you can be true to yourself. Bboying is a unique form of a rt. You may have heard that painters need inspiration before they can create art.For a bboy, the music is the inspiration, from the indorsement you feel the beat moving through your body to the very end of each(prenominal) dance set. That small interval of time is when someone would paint the ascertain of what he or she is feeling through physical movements. Some might have the urge to do power moves. These moves involve require strength and contend control over the body, for example hopping while holding a one handed handstand. Other dancers might feel the music is moving them to express in s level more fluid motions by maybe gracefully sliding and spinning while on their knees.There are some basics moves for breakdancing but the scoop up dancers are original and create their own personal signature moves or styles. Once a year the outflank bboy crews from all around the world bequeath come to one spot and battle each other through dance in value to gain respect from other d ancers all around the world. This event is called battle of the year. I think one of the biggest defining things about battle of the year is that the winning prize money is altogether three pace dollars. After this is split between maybe 10 crew members the amount of time put in to win doesnt pay turned.But to these professional bboys the pride that comes with winning is all that is needed. When the dance battles take place each crew will take turns sending in one member to freestyle to the music. Each bboy is different, there cannot and never will be two people that dance with the exact same style. This is one of the amazing things of breaking. A friend of mine likes to dance with a wobbly drunkenness with each step in order to taunt his opponent while another friend is very serious in order to show that the opponent has no chance of winning the battle.Ive seen one dancer end his freestyle set smoking an imaginary cigarette and throwing it onto his opponent to tell him he had jus t gotten smoked. Now, if this was any other hobby or sport, doing these sorts of things might get you beat up. However, this is one of the beauties of the bboy culture. Even after conveying such dream up and hurtful actions every bboy understands that it is all part of the act and it is nothing personal. Over time clowning or making fun of your opponent has become a very essential part of dance battles. After each battle all competitors will always shake hands and hug, even if it is a full(a) stranger.For most bboys, respect is given right from the second someone else decides to express themselves over the music in the spotlight. This is because most breakers k instanter that it takes courage to would out in front of a crown and express yourself ignoring what people may think. The complex language of dance is solely unique and is what makes the bonds and friendships between breakers so powerful. Sweat, pain, and exhaustion are all things that intersect the path of bboying. To any true dancer, the drive to improve will always out way the pain and the downsides.Every clang is a lesson the only way to improve as dancer is to learn from previous mistakes. Over the years technology has made this easier many bboys can now simply record themselves in order to watch for errors or mistakes during their practice sessions. While this helps decrease the time it takes to learn things, true breaker will never stop and always strive to be a better dancer. Ultimately there is no finish line the real goal is the friendships and memories that will be made through this journey. He or she will always be trying to beat that future opponent who may be good or bad.There are four main elements of bboying power, footwork, top rock, and freezes. Power moves have the steepest learning curve of them all. The most basic power move is called the windmill and this on average takes at least 6 months to learn just one rotation. And when I say six months, I mean six months of practicing eve ry day for one hour minimum. There are many bboys out there who love power moves for this very reason. They are so hard to master, and achieving them makes it worth that much more. The best bboys have a good balance between all four of these different styles.During this adventure of learning each style, good breakers dissect each move in attempt to make new and original things out of the old. It may be just one slight difference of being lower or higher with your legs or it could be a whole combo of fast stepping movements stringed together with original fluid transitions. This is the true beauty of bboying one can do whatever one wants. There is no one in the world that can say you are doing your own style incorrectly. Creativity is a truly amazing thing. Because of the nature of the brain, there is an endless amount of combinations and movements that can be thought of or discovered.Dancing, to put it simply, is a vessel to express ideas and emotions. The only reason breaking is st ill thriving today is because there is always something new that can be created. Every generation will build off what their previous generation has made and make it their own. Over time the foundation moves have changed, and it will always continue to evolve as long as there is music and a will to express. Some might say that other things make up a true dancer, but out of all of them I would have to say the most vital things are to be original, be unique, be you bboy.

The Story of Jane Addams

Growing up without a mother and having a in truth prosperous father is quite a combination. Jane Addams had to deal with that, served her life and made the best of it. Addams did what she loved. Starting and having very much progression in a result house was her dream. The Hull-House helped the underprivileged populate, people who ask attention, care, and love. Addams provided that and much more. Ever decide that if you wanted to do something real bad, you would know you would be doing it in the end? conservation lives, protecting families, helping the disabled, provide clubs and museums, and encourage communication. Then, the future is here and you are doing what you love. Occupation is a passion and your place of work Born in Cedarville, IL, in 1860, Jane Addams had some rock times in her childhood. Addams was the eighth child born of nine others. Mr. Addams was a prosperous miller, local political leader as press out senator for sixteen years, and he fought as an officer in th e civil war. When Addams was two years old, her mother died of childbirth.At age seven, her father remarried causing her to distant the kin between her and her father. As the years went on Jane Addams had her ups and downs. But that did not stop her from her succeeding. Addams did not go to her choice college, Smith College. She was sent to Rockford Female Seminary, a college mount on Mount Holyoke College, which set students up from missionary work. She graduated with the class of 1882. The prime(prenominal) graduating class of Rockford. In the next six years, she studied medicine, but has to pull due to poor health.In this process she was faced with a dilemma. Her fathers sudden death, only person she depended on the most, caused her stepmother to claim her. Addams education needed serious work while family issues and illnesses caused even more pressure. Also, Addams heath was not that good either. She has had several years of neurotic illness. She extended the American Girls T our of Europe to two years of travel and study of reading and writing from 1883 to 1885. Addams working on avoiding family issues, she and a couple of college friend returned to Europe in 1887.Ellen Starr and Addams returned to the United States in 1889 and opened a settlement house after ending her studies. In 1889, Addams and Starr opened a home by Charles Hull in Chicago. The purpose of this settlement house was to provide a center for a higher civic and social life to institute and maintain educational and good-hearted enterprises and to investigate and improve the conditions in the industrial districts of Chicago. Addams and Starr made speech, raised money, took care of children, helped the sick, listened to trouble individuals, and more.By the second year of the Hull-House, they have two thousand people that come every week. There were many programs they provided. Kindergarten classes, adult classes, club meetings for older children, nigh school. Many facilities were added t o the settlement house also. The first that was added was an art gallery, the second was a public kitchen, then a coffeehouse, a gym, more and more was added as the years went on on help the people. Jane Addams was eventually a known cleaning lady of progress, great progress. People knew who she was, she became famous.In 1905, she was appointed to Chicagos Board of education and made chairmen of School Management Committee. In 1909 she became the first women president of the internal Conference of Charities and Corrections. In 1910, she received an honorary degree ever awarded to a women at Yale University. Addams believed strongly in womens right and they should speak out, hear a womans point of view. She was involved in many, many programs and took charge in many of them. In 1926, Addams suffered from a heart attack and never full recovered. Shes remembered and thank.She helped society greatly and helped people smile in the end. The Hull-House was on great accomplishment of her m any. On December 11 1931, the day she won the first Noble Peace Prize ever awarded to a women, she in the hospital and couldnt make it. May 21, 1935, Addams dies of an unsuspected cancer. She was buried in her childhood townsfolk of Cedarville, IL. The Hull-House was a huge establishment Jane Addams held. It was very popular and helped save many and to just be happy. Addams accomplished a lot in her life and died a proud woman. She will and is remembered.

Heath and safety Essay

A hazard is something that is a physically there e.g. A box in the middle of the floor. The risk of that is that someone may trip and fall. 3.1. draw non medical incidents and emergencies that may occur in the bring in setting Some non-medical emergencies that may occur are, a early days person going missing, if tombstones were lost, especially the keys with the key that has access to the medication lock up, a fire, if someone were to break in.4.1. Identify the signs and symptoms which may indicate that a child or young person is injure or unwell If they are quieter than usual, changes in behaviour, physical injuries, if they look flushed or pale, vomiting or diarrhoea, l4.2. Identify circumstances when children or young the great unwashed may need urgent medical guardianship If they already have a medical condition eg. Epilepsy, and they have seizures that they havent had before or havent had one in a long time or they last longer than what there normal is. Head injuries due to accidents or seizuresSuspected broken bones.4.3. Outline own role and responsibilities in the event of a child or young person requiring urgent medical attention If I was on switching and a young person needed urgent medical attention I would firstly alert whoever is deracination in the lead that day but proceed with the young person seeing to there medical needs I would then phone an ambulance and await instruction from my shift leader who would be either seeing to the young person or on the phone to the ambulance and I would be doing the other. If I was shift leading I would have to tale control of the situation and direct my staff team to what they need to do, there is usually 4 staff members on as the shift leader I would be on the phone to an ambulance I would direct another first aid trained staff member to stay with the young person and get the other 2 to take the other young people away from the situation.6.1. Outline procedures for infection control in own work setting Make sure while doing personal care gloves and aprons are worn, also that anything with the young peoples bodily fluids are disposed of right in the fix bin. Any bodily fluids are clean up correctly e.g. Vomit. After a young person has finished there stay at the dragons retreat the bedroom must be deep cleaned before any one else can stay. 7.2. Explain how the procedures of the work setting protect some(prenominal) children and young people and practitioners They protect both young people and practitioners by ensuring that people working with the young people are all following the correct procedures which are in place to ensure the safety and well being of the young people.

19th Century Horror Stories Essay

In this essay we will look at the Characteristics of 19th carbon Horror Stories, commenting on the structure of the baloney the picture show the themes included in the story the ambit and the writers technique.I will be looking into two texts in detail The pixys bridge player by William Wymark Jacobs and The Signalman by Charles Dickens, whilst making references to Captain Rogers also by William Wymark Jacobs, and The Engineers Thumb by Sherlock Holmes.During the Victorian period, the industrial regeneration was in full flow, and the gothic styles of writing used in the stories of this period were extremely popular featuring in some magazines of the time. Horror stories became almost an obsession for umpteen deal, who were drawn in by the unique styles of the writers such as Dickens, Poe, and Wilkie Collins. They were cheap, and widely available, with many of them being published in magazines. The availability of them meant that the obsession continued, as the people of t hat time were always able to obtain a new story.One of the stories, The Signalman by Dickens, is a fine example of the horror stories of that dayIt begins by setting a gloomy scene, with the Signalman situated in a deep cutting, his figure foreshortened and shadowed. Using description such as this, the author smoke immediately let the reader understand the mood of the story in this case, dark and depressing. This technique is also used in Captain Rogers, with the words halting, painful, and forced being used in the first paragraph.The deep cutting in which the story is set, is later described as a bread and aloneter, and at the end of the cutting was the entrance to a black tunnel, in which there was a barbarous, depressing, and forbidding air setting a negative semantic field around the piece.The Signalman himself is described as a dark sallow man, living in as solitary and dismal a place that the cashier ever saw. Indeed, the narrator comments that it was as if I had left t he natural world.Indeed, the opening to the story gives the reader a glimpse of the signalmans loneliness, and a champion of foreboding towards the trench in which he was posted. Loneliness and foreboding are two major(ip) feature articles of 19th Century horror.Horror stories from this period often relieve oneself a supernatural theme. In The Signalman, ghostly specters haunt the unfortunate rail-way worker and shortly afterwardwards they appear, a terrible accident occurs.Accumulation is a major factor in horror stories, and The Signalman used this to great effect. The appearances of the refinements become more frequent, making the reader wonder what is going to take place at the climax.The tad returns, and the signalman describes to the narrator that what troubles me so dreadfully is the question What does the spectre mean? This leaves the reader to ponder what whitethorn happen next in the story, even though they may have no idea. It leaves the reader feel to be scared by whatever their imagination may come up with, meaning the writer does non have to reveal the plot just yet but can keep the reader guessing. This is a common feature in 19th Century horror, and is used in Captain Rogers and The Engineers ThumbThe narrator also describes how he could see the mental torture and pain of mind of the signalman, suggesting that the events with the spectre have left his state of mind in tatters. In 19th Century horror stories, characters were often driven mad by the events unf obsoleteing in the bookAt the end of the book, the plot unravels, and all becomes clear. The narrator is shocked to hear of the death of the signalman, who is hit by a train. He then learns that the spectre which had been haunting the signalman was the driver, shouting at him to clear the way. The ending of the book isshort, with just a little conversation after we learn of the death of the signalman, which is common in horror stories of this era. This style of ending is similar to that in Captain Rogers, in which there is a death, and a sudden ending to the story. This is also the case in The Engineers Thumb, when Holmes realises that the printing press has been destroyed, and the criminals are many miles away.Another famous tale from this period is The Monkeys Paw by W.W.Jacobs. It epitomises the horror genre of this time, with suspense, mystery, death, and a super-natural theme all included in the plot.The story begins with a good use of contrast. The night was cold and wet, but inside La scorcham Villa, a fire burned brightly, as a father and son are playing a game of chess whilst an old lady sat by the fire, knitting placidly. Contrast is also used at the beginning of Captain Rogers, when a bright fire afforded a pleasant change to the chill October air outside.Description of the setting is included in the fathers dialogue Of all the beastly, slushy, out-of-the-way places to see in, this is the worst. At this point, a guest knocks on the door and is invited into the house. He tells the family a tales of strange scenes and doughty deeds, a good use of repetition, and at last arrives on the subject of a monkeys paw, which had a spell put on it by an old fakir. Again, another reference to super-natural subjects. The Paw will grant three separate men each three wishes, but when asked about this, the visitors face whitened a mode commonly used in 19th Century horror to show fear.Later, the family urge the visitor (a police sergeant in the army) to let them have ownership of the paw. The sergeant is reluctant to hand it over, instead suggesting to let it burn in the fire. This leaves the reader wondering what could be so bad about the paw, which the sergeant wants to let burn in the fire. As with The Signalman, Captain Rogers, and The Engineers Thumb , it is left to the readers imaginations what the plot may be surrounding the story, confirming that it is a common characteristic of 19th Century Horror.A technique also used in thi s particular story, was the use of words such as unusual, depressing and painful to set a negative and gloomy semantic field around it, which alerts the reader to the mood of the story. Nearly every 19th Century Horror story used this method of writing, including The Signalman and Captain Rogers.These stories also use the technique of repetition to put across the meaning of a phrase or piece of dialogue more strongly. In The Monkeys Paw, a character called Herbert is sitting alone by the fire, when he sees a face so majestic and so simian that he gazed at it in amazement, in the flames. The repetition of the word so makes the adjective following it, much stronger.In The Monkeys Paw, and often in other horror novels, a short relief from the tension will be given. In The Monkeys Paw, directly after the scene in which Herbert has seen the vivid faces in the fire, there is a short scene portraying events at the breakfast table the following morning. The monkeys paw, the object of all their wonder, fear, and excitement the night before, is pitched on the sideboard with a carelessness which betokened no great judgment in its virtues. The family laugh the tale of the sergeant off, making a mockery of the power of the paw.Often, horror stories of this period will add scenes such as this to modify the use of features such as irony, which is used in abundance in this scene, for example when Mrs. White asks How could two hundred pounds hurt you?. Immediately after, Herbert replies Might mould on his head from the sky. All this is ironic, as Herbert is ultimately killed by some machinery at his workforce and the family are given two hundred pounds in compensation, after Herbert used the paw to wish for two hundred pounds.The reader thinks the story has reached its climax, when the family are informed of the death of Herbert. However there is one last turn of events in the plot. Some 19th Century Horror Stories added a twist, and it proved very popular. A week af ter the death of Herbert, his incur and father eventually, after much arguing, decide to use the paw one last time tobring Herbert back to life. A loud knock resounded through the house, and his mother rushes to the door to open it for Herbert. Just when the reader thinks the mutilated body is going to be let into the house, his father realises his mistake and wishes his son away. The door is opened, but Herbert is gone. The eventual anti-climax to this twist is also used often in 19th Century Horror Stories.A twist was also included in Captain Rogers, where Rogers murders his friend, Gunn.To conclude, many different styles and techniques were used to create a Horror Story in this time, but they all had the same effect, which was to create a dark and negative semantic field which makes the story more scary and thrilling for the reader. Writers such as Dickens, Poe, Collins, Jacobs, and Doyle included vivid descriptions of setting and character to aid their writing, and add to the semantic field.

Freedman’s Bureau

Freedmens self-confidence is also know as the Ex-Slaves Friend was created on skirt 4th of 1865 during the Reconstruction era by the U.S. government as a federal internal representation and a part of the United States plane section of War to help the spic-and-spanly released and freed slavery which is also known as freedmen and southern blank refugees transition to freedom in the Southern States and the District of Columbia. The Bill was created by professorship Abraham Lincoln and was originally intended to last for bingle year to help the freedmen but instead it lasted until 1872 and chairman Ulysses S. Grant broke it up.To distinguish it from being known as just a welfare agency, the agencys employees also helped ex-slaves find employment, investigated unfair treatment complaint, and also help negotiated labor pin downs for the slaves. After the polite War, Freedmens Bureau is the only federal agency that help protects the civil rights of the former slaves and the only rump that enable them to seek help when their rights were violated thus creating a hostility among the White Southerners.Although the bureau was frame-up to help distribute food, housing, medical aid, and c holehing to the freed slaves and the Southern white refugees, the bureau most well known successes were in education. During that period of 1865 1872 there were more than 1000 Negro schools built and was taught by well- qualified instructors and had ameliorate more than 250,000 African Americans. Most of the black colleges around the United States were founded with the help of the agency and a lot of them still exist today.The successes of the Bureau in its education goals were marred by the failure of its refine redistribution. At first the Bureau had gave 850,000 acres to the freedmen but President Andrew Johnson later took it back and the land in suit were disposed(p) to the Confederate landowners giving the blacks no choice and forcing them to work in the plantations. At first the white landowners wanted to restore gang labor but the freedmen wanted to maintain their freedom refused to sign the contract ultimately forcing the white owner to come up with sharecropping as some sort of compromise. Under sharecropping, the land was divided into a 20 to 50 acres parcel that allowed a single family to farm it. The commode is usually half of the crop to be given to the landlord in exchange for the land, housing and supplies.The Bureau one and only commissioner is Major General Oliver Otis Howard. General Howard was the provider of moral purpose, an ideological framework and a vision for the bureau. He was once warned by his friend, General William Sherman after hearing about his new assignment and the task given to him that this is a Hercules of a task. After accepting his new assignment, General Howard was given very little help from the Congress and most of it is from some sort of hand me down from the Department of War in the form of personnel and w hat left of the army funds and relied heavily on the few private relief, missionary and educational associations of the North.In his autobiography, General Howard expressed his frustration on how the Congress disbanded his Bureau by sending him on a temporary mission to deal with the Indian affairs in the west and upon his return he found out that the Bureau and all its activities had been suspended. Howard University in Washington D.C. which is founded by General Howard is a well known and it is a predominantly black university and he was the third chairwoman of the university.In conclusion the Bureau did not accomplished all that it is set up to do. Its role in Reconstruction in the South had created a huge debate on if the bureau had done copious to help the freedmen and the refugees but given that they were working on a limited resources one cannot fault the bureau completely and most historian agreed that whatever the bureau did not do was because it could notReferenceshttp//e ncyclopedia.jrank.org/articles/pages/6257/Freedmen-s-Bureau.htmlhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Refugees,_Freedmen_and_Abandoned_Lands

Internet Addiction Essay

AbstractProblematic figurer utilisation is a growing friendly issue which is universe get byd worldwide. lucre Addiction Disorder (IAD) ruins lives by do neuro logical complications, psychological disturbances, and social problems. Surveys in the fall in States and Europe receive indicated alarming prevalence range between 1.5 and 8.2% 1. in that location argon several round offs addressing the definition, classification, judgment, epidemiology, and co-morbidity of IAD 2-5, and round(prenominal)(a) reviews 6-8 addressing the preaching of IAD. The aim of this paper is to give a preferably brief overview of investigate on IAD and supposititious considerations from a junctureal perspective establish on years of daily be given with clients suffering from lucre addiction. Furthermore, with this paper we intend to bring in practical experience in the debate about the ultimate inclusion of IAD in the next version of the diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis orders (DSM).Problematic computer call is a growing social issue which is being debated worldwide. net income Addiction Disorder (IAD) ruins lives by ca apply neurological complications, psychological disturbances, and social problems. Surveys in the United States and Europe have indicated alarming prevalence rates between 1.5 and 8.2% 1. There are several reviews addressing the definition, classification, assessment, epidemiology, and co-morbidity of IAD 2-5, and some reviews 6-8 addressing the word of IAD. The aim of this paper is to give a preferably brief overview of research on IAD and theoretical considerations from a practical perspective based on years of daily work with clients suffering from internet addiction. Furthermore, with this paper we intend to bring in practical experience in the debate about the eventual inclusion of IAD in the next version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Keywords Addiction, Computer, net, reSTART, Treatmen t.INTRODUCTIONThe idea that problematic computer give meets criteria for an addiction, and therefore should be included in the next iteration of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 4th ed. text edition Revision 9 was first proposed by Kimberly Young, PhD in her seminal 1996 paper 10. Sincethat succession IAD has been extensively studied and is indeed, surrenderly under consideration for inclusion in the DSM-V 11. Meanwhile, both China and South Korea have identified net profit addiction as a signifi enkindlet public health threat and both countries support education, research and treatment 12. In the United States, disdain a growing body of research, and treatment for the unhealthiness uncommitted in out-patient and in-patient settings, there has been no formal governmental response to the issue of meshwork addiction. While the debate goes on about whether or non the DSM-V should designate net income addiction a mental disorder 12-14 the gre at unwashed electric currently suffering from Internet addiction are seeking treatment. Because of our experience we support the phylogenesis of uniform diagnostic criteria and the inclusion of IAD in the DSM-V 11 in order to advance public education, diagnosis and treatment of this important disorder.CLASSIFICATIONThere is ongoing debate about how best to classify the behavior which is characterized by many hours spent in non-work engine room-related computer/Internet/ television system game activities 15. It is accompanied by changes in mood, preoccupation with the Internet and digital media, the inability to control the nitty-gritty of while spent interfacing with digital applied science, the regard for more time or a new game to achieve a desired mood, backdown symptoms when not engaged, and a continuation of the behavior despite family conflict, a diminishing social life and ominous work or academic consequences 2, 16, 17. Some researchers and mental health practitioner s see excessive Internet use as a symptom of an another(prenominal) disorder much(prenominal) as anxiety or falling off rather than a separate entity e.g. 18.Internet addiction could be considered an Impulse control disorder (not other than specified). Yet there is a growing consensus that this constellation of symptoms is an addiction e.g. 19. The Ameri give the sack Society of Addiction euphony (ASAM) recently released a new definition of addiction as a chronic headway disorder, formally proposing for the first time that addiction is not limited to substance use 20. All addictions, whether chemical or behavioral, share certain indications including salience, compulsive use (loss of control), mood modification and the alleviation of distress, tolerance and withdrawal, and the continuation despite negative consequences.DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR IADThe first serious proposal for diagnostic criteria was advanced in 1996 by Dr. Young, modifying the DSM-IV criteria for pathologic ga mbling 10. Since then variations in both name and criteria have been put forward to capture the problem, which is at once more or less popularly known as Internet Addiction Disorder. Problematic Internet Use (PIU) 21, computer addiction, Internet dependence 22, compulsive Internet use, pathologic Internet use 23, and many other labels can be pitch in the literature. Likewise a variety of often overlapping criteria have been proposed and studied, some of which have been validated. However, empirical studies provide an inconsistent set of criteria to define Internet addiction 24. For an overview see Byun et al. 25. whiskers 2 recommends that the adjacent five diagnostic criteria are required for a diagnosis of Internet addiction (1) Is absent-minded with the Internet (thinks about previous online activity or anticipate next online session) (2) Needs to use the Internet with increased unions of time in order to achieve satisfaction (3) Has made unsuccessful efforts to control, c ut back, or stop Internet use (4) Is restless, moody, depressed, or irritable when attempting to cut down or stop Internet use (5) Has stayed online longer than originally intended.Additionally, at least one of the following must be present (6) Has jeopardized or risked the loss of a significant relationship, job, educational or kicker opportunity because of the Internet (7) Has be to family members, therapist, or others to conceal the extent of involvement with the Internet (8) Uses the Internet as a way of escaping from problems or of relieving a dysphoric mood (e.g., feelings of helplessness, guilt, anxiety, depression) 2. There has been alike been a variety of assessment tools employ in evaluation. Youngs Internet Addiction Test 16, the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire (PIUQ) developed by Demetrovics, Szeredi, and Pozsa 26 and the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) 27 are all examples of instruments to assess for this disorder.PREVALENCEThe considerable var. of the prevalence rates reported for IAD (between 0.3% and 38%) 28 may be attributable to the fact that diagnostic criteria and assessment questionnaires use for diagnosis vary between countries and studies often use highly selective samples of online surveys 7. In theirreview Weinstein and Lejoyeux 1 report that surveys in the United States and Europe have indicated prevalence rates varying between 1.5% and 8.2%. separate reports place the rates between 6% and 18.5% 29. Some obvious differences with respect to the methodologies, cultural factors, outcomes and assessment tools forming the understructure for these prevalence rates notwithstanding, the rates we encountered were commonplacely high and sometimes alarming. 24ETIOLOGYThere are diametrical models available for the development and maintenance of IAD like the cognitive-behavioral model of problematic Internet use 21, the anonymity, convenience and hunt down (ACE) model 30, the access, affordability, anonymity (Triple-A) engin e 31, a phases model of pathological Internet use by Grohol 32, and a comprehensive model of the development and maintenance of Internet addiction by Winkler & Drsing 24, which takes into account socio-cultural factors (e.g., demographic factors, access to and acceptance of the Internet), biological vulnerabilities (e.g., genetic factors, abnormalities in neurochemical processes), psychological predispositions (e.g., personality characteristics, negative affects), and specific attributes of the Internet to explain excessive troth in Internet activities 24.NEUROBIOLOGICAL VULNERABILITIESIt is known that addictions activate a gang of sites in the brain associated with pleasure, known together as the reward center or pleasure channel of the brain 33, 34. When activated, dopamine release is increased, along with opiates and other neurochemicals. Over time, the associated receptors may be affected, producing tolerance or the need for increasing stimulation of the reward center to prod uce a high and the subsequent characteristic behavior patterns needed to avoid withdrawal. Internet use may also lead specifically to dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens 35, 36, one of the reward structures of the brain specifically involved in other addictions 20. An example of the honour nature of digital technology use may be captured in the following statement by a 21 year-old male in treatment for IAD I feel technology has brought so much joy into my life. No other activity relaxes me or stimulates me like technology. However, when depression hits, I tend to use technology as a wayof retreating and isolating.REINFORCEMENT/REWARDWhat is so rewarding about Internet and video game use that it could become an addiction? The surmisal is that digital technology users experience multiple layers of reward when they use various computer applications. The Internet functions on a uncertain ratio reinforcement schedule (VRRS), as does gambling 29. Whatever the application (general surfing, pornography, chat rooms, message boards, social networking sites, video games, email, texting, cloud applications and games, etc.), these activities support unpredictable and variable reward structures. The reward experienced is intensified when unite with mood enhancing/stimulating content. Examples of this would be pornography (sexual stimulation), video games (e.g. various social rewards, identification with a hero, immersive graphics), go out sites (romantic fantasy), online poker (financial) and special interest chat rooms or message boards (sense of belonging) 29, 37.BIOLOGICAL PREDISPOSITIONThere is increasing evidence that there can be a genetic predisposition to addictive behaviors 38, 39. The theory is that individuals with this predisposition do not have an adequate number of dopamine receptors or have an meagre amount of serotonin/dopamine 2, thereby having difficulty experiencing normal levels of pleasure in activities that most people would find rewarding. To increase pleasure, these individuals are more likely to seek greater than average engagement in behaviors that stimulate an increase in dopamine, trenchantly giving them more reward but placing them at high risk for addiction.MENTAL HEALTH VULNERABILITIESMany researchers and clinicians have noted that a variety of mental disorders concur with IAD. There is debate about which came first, the addiction or the co-occurring disorder 18, 40. The story by Dong et al. 40 had at least the potential to clarify this question, reporting that higher scores for depression, anxiety, hostility, interpersonal sensitivity, and psychoticism were consequences of IAD. But imputable to the limitations of the resume further research is necessary.THE TREATMENT OF INTERNET ADDICTIONThere is a general consensus that total abstemiousness from the Internet should not be the goal of the interventions and that instead, an abstinence from problematic applications and a controlled and balanced Internet c ustom should be achieved 6. The following paragraphs illustrate the various treatment options for IAD that exist today. Unless studies examining the efficacy of the illustrated treatments are not available, findings on the efficacy of the presented treatments are also provided. Unfortunately, most of the treatment studies were of low methodological quality and used an intra- base design. The general lack of treatment studies notwithstanding, there are treatment guidelines reported by clinicians working in the line of business of IAD. In her book Internet Addiction Symptoms, Evaluation, and Treatment, Young 41 offers some treatment strategies which are already known from the cognitive-behavioral rise (a) practice opposite time of Internet use (discover patients patterns of Internet use and disrupt these patterns by offering new schedules), (b) use external stoppers (real events or activities prompting the patient to log off), (c) set goals (with regard to the amount of time), (d) abstain from a particular application (that the client is unable to control), (e) use reminder cards (cues that remind the patient of the costs of IAD and benefits of breaking it), (f) develop a personal muniment (shows all the activities that the patient used to engage in or cant find the time due to IAD), (g) enter a support congregation (compensates for a lack of social support), and (h) engage in family therapy (addresses relational problems in the family) 41. Unfortunately, clinical evidence for the efficacy of these strategies is not mentioned.Non-psychological ApproachesSome authors examine pharmacological interventions for IAD, perchance due to the fact that clinicians use psychopharmacology to treat IAD despite the lack of treatment studies addressing the efficacy of pharmacological treatments. In particular, selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been used because of the co-morbid psychiatric symptoms of IAD (e.g. depression and anxiety) for which SSRIs ha ve been found to be effective 42-46. Escitalopram (a SSRI) was used by DellOsso et al. 47 to treat 14 subjects with impulsive-compulsive Internet usage disorder. Internet usage returnd importantly from a mean of 36.8 hours/week to a baseline of 16.5 hours/week. In another theater Han, Hwang, and Renshaw 48 used bupropion (a non-tricyclic antidepressant) and found a decrease of craving for Internet video game play, total game play time, and cue-induced brain activity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex afterwards a sestet week period of bupropion sustained release treatment. Methylphenidate (a psycho stimulant medicate) was used by Han et al. 49 to treat 62 Internet video game-playing children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.After eight weeks of treatment, the YIAS-K scores and Internet usage times were significantly reduced and the authors cautiously refer that methylphenidate might be evaluated as a potential treatment of IAD. According to a study by Sh apira et al. 50, mood stabilizers might also remedy the symptoms of IAD. In addition to these studies, there are some case reports of patients treated with escitalopram 45, citalopram (SSRI)- quetiapine (antipsychotic) crew 43 and naltrexone (an opioid receptor antagonist) 51. A few authors mentioned that physical exercise could compensate the decrease of the dopamine level due to reduced online usage 52. In addition, sports exercise prescriptions used in the course of cognitive behavioral group therapy may enhance the effect of the intervention for IAD 53.Psychological ApproachesMotivational interviewing (MI) is a client-centered yet directive method for enhancing intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving client ambivalency 54. It was developed to help individuals give up addictive behaviors and learn new behavioral skills, using techniques much(prenominal) as open-ended questions, reflective listening, affirmation, and summarization to help individuals express their concerns about change 55. Unfortunately, there are currently no studies addressing the efficacy of MI in treating IAD, but MI seems to be moderately effective in the areas of alcohol, drug addiction, and diet/exercise problems 56. Peukert et al. 7 suggest that interventions with family members or other relatives like Community reinforcement and Family Training 57 could be useful in enhancing the motivation of an addict to cut back on Internet use, although the reviewers remark that control studies with relatives do not exist to date. Reality therapy (RT) is supposed to encourage individuals to choose to improve theirlives by committing to change their behavior. It includes sessions to show clients that addiction is a choice and to give them teach in time management it also introduces alternative activities to the problematic behavior 58.According to Kim 58, RT is a core addiction convalescence tool that offers a wide variety of uses as a treatment for addictive disorders su ch as drugs, sex, food, and works as closely for the Internet. In his RT group counseling chopine treatment study, Kim 59 found that the treatment program effectively reduced addiction level and improved self-esteem of 25 Internet-addicted university students in Korea. Twohig and Crosby 60 used an Acceptance & lading Therapy (ACT) protocol including several exercises adjusted to better fit the issues with which the sample struggles to treat six adult males suffering from problematic Internet pornography viewing. The treatment resulted in an 85% reduction in viewing at post-treatment with results being maintained at the three month follow-up (83% reduction in viewing pornography). Widyanto and Griffith 8 report that most of the treatments employed so far had utilized a cognitive-behavioral approach. The case for using cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is justified due to the good results in the treatment of other behavioral addictions/impulse-control disorders, such as pathologic al gambling, compulsive shopping, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating-disorders 61.Wlfling 5 described a predominantly behavioral group treatment including identification of sustaining conditions, establishing of intrinsic motivation to reduce the amount of time being online, learning alternative behaviors, engagement in new social real-life contacts, psycho-education and exposure therapy, but unfortunately clinical evidence for the efficacy of these strategies is not mentioned. In her study, Young 62 used CBT to treat 114 clients suffering from IAD and found that participants were better able to manage their presenting problems post-treatment, show improved motivation to stop abusing the Internet, improved ability to control their computer use, improved ability to function in offline relationships, improved ability to abstain from sexually explicit online material, improved ability to engage in offline activities, and improved ability to achieve sobriety from problematic application s. Cao, Su and Gao 63 investigated the effect of group CBT on 29 sum school students with IAD and found that IAD scores of the experimental group were note than of the control groupafter treatment.The authors also reported improvement in psychological function. Thirty-eight adolescents with IAD were treated with CBT designed particularly for addicted adolescents by Li and Dai 64. They found that CBT has good effects on the adolescents with IAD (CIAS scores in the therapy group were significant lower than that in the control group). In the experimental group the scores of depression, anxiety, compulsiveness, self-blame, illusion, and retreat were significantly decreased after treatment. Zhu, Jin, and Zhong 65 compared CBT and electro acupuncture (EA) plus CBT assigning forty-seven patients with IAD to one of the two groups respectively. The authors found that CBT alone or feature with EA can significantly reduce the score of IAD and anxiety on a self-rating scale and improve self -aware health status in patients with IAD, but the effect obtained by the combined therapy was better.Multimodal TreatmentsA multimodal treatment approach is characterized by the implementation of several different types of treatment in some cases even from different disciplines such as pharmacology, psychotherapy and family counseling simultaneously or sequentially. Orzack and Orzack 66 mentioned that treatments for IAD need to be multidisciplinary including CBT, psychotropic medication, family therapy, and case managers, because of the complexness of these patients problems. In their treatment study, Du, Jiang, and Vance 67 found that multimodal school-based group CBT (including parent training, teacher education, and group CBT) was effective for adolescents with IAD (n = 23), particularly in improving emotional state and regulation ability, behavioral and self-management style. The effect of another multimodal intervention consisting of solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT), fami ly therapy, and CT was investigated among 52 adolescents with IAD in China. After three months of treatment, the scores on an IAD scale (IAD-DQ), the scores on the SCL-90, and the amount of time spent online decreased significantly 68.Orzack et al. 69 used a psychoeducational program, which combines psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral theoretical perspectives, using a combination of Readiness to Change (RtC), CBT and MI interventions to treat a group of 35 men involved in problematic Internet-enabled sexual behavior (IESB). In this group treatment, the quality of life increased and the level of depressive symptoms decreasedafter 16 (weekly) treatment sessions, but the level of problematic Internet use failed to decrease significantly 69. Internet addiction related symptom scores significantly decreased after a group of 23 middle school students with IAD were treated with Behavioral Therapy (BT) or CT, detoxification treatment, psychosocial rehabilitation, personality modeling and parent training 70.Therefore, the authors concluded that psychotherapy, in particular CT and BT were effective in treating middle school students with IAD. Shek, Tang, and Lo 71 described a multi-level counseling program designed for young people with IAD based on the responses of 59 clients. Findings of this study suggest this multi-level counseling program (including counseling, MI, family perspective, case work and group work) is promising to help young people with IAD. Internet addiction symptom scores significantly decreased, but the program failed to increase psychological well-being significantly. A six-week group counseling program (including CBT, social competence training, training of self-control strategies and training of communication skills) was shown to be effective on 24 Internet-addicted college students in China 72. The authors reported that the adapted CIAS-R scores of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group post-treatment. The reSTART ProgramThe authors of this article are currently, or have been, affiliated with the reSTART Internet Addiction Recovery Program 73 in Fall City, Washington. The reSTART program is an inpatient Internet addiction recovery program which integrates technology detoxification (no technology for 45 to 90 days), drug and alcohol treatment, 12 step work, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), experiential adventure based therapy, Acceptance and Commitment therapy (ACT), brain enhancing interventions, animal assisted therapy, motivational interviewing (MI), mindfulness based relapse prevention (MBRP), Mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR), interpersonal group psychotherapy, individual psychotherapy, individualized treatments for co-occurring disorders, psycho- educational groups (life visioning, addiction education, communication and assertiveness training, social skills, life skills, Life balance plan), aftercare treatments (monitoring of technology use, ongoing psychotherapy a nd group work), and go on care (outpatient treatment) in an individualized, holistic approach.The firstresults from an ongoing OQ45.2 74 study (a self-reported measurement of subjective discomfort, interpersonal relationships and social image performance assessed on a weekly basis) of the short-term impact on 19 adults who complete the 45+ days program showed an improved score after treatment. Seventy-four percent of participants showed significant clinical improvement, 21% of participants showed no reliable change, and 5% deteriorated. The results have to be regarded as preliminary due to the small study sample, the self-report measurement and the lack of a control group. Despite these limitations, there is evidence that the program is responsible for most of the improvements demonstrated.CONCLUSIONAs can be seen from this brief review, the field of Internet addiction is advancing rapidly even without its official recognition as a separate and distinct behavioral addiction and w ith continuing disagreement over diagnostic criteria. The ongoing debate whether IAD should be classified as an (behavioral) addiction, an impulse-control disorder or even an obsessive compulsive disorder cannot be satisfactorily resolved in this paper. But the symptoms we discover in clinical practice show a great deal of overlap with the symptoms commonly associated with (behavioral) addictions. as well it remains unclear to this day whether the underlying mechanisms responsible for the addictive behavior are the same in different types of IAD (e.g., online sexual addiction, online gaming, and excessive surfing).From our practical perspective the different shapes of IAD fit in one category, due to various Internet specific commonalities (e.g., anonymity, riskless interaction), commonalities in the underlying behavior (e.g., avoidance, fear, pleasure, entertainment) and overlapping symptoms (e.g., the increased amount of time spent online, preoccupation and other signs of addicti on). Nevertheless more research has to be done to get our clinical impression. Despite several methodological limitations, the strength of this work in comparison to other reviews in the international body of literature addressing the definition, classification, assessment, epidemiology, and co-morbidity of IAD 2-5, and to reviews 6-8 addressing the treatment of IAD, is that it connects theoretical considerations with the clinical practice of interdisciplinary mental health experts working for years in the field of Internet addiction.Furthermore, the current work gives a goodoverview of the current state of research in the field of internet addiction treatment. Despite the limitations stated above this work gives a brief overview of the current state of research on IAD from a practical perspective and can therefore be seen as an important and helpful paper for further research as well as for clinical practice in particular.

Emotions and memory Essay

In our everyday life, we rely on our shop to fully function. We either have to recall some issue so trivial such as where we left(a) our keys, or we need to remember names of college classmates that we have not seen for a very long time. accustomed this fact, we ask, what exactly is depot, what are the exercisees involved in this cognitive function, and what are the factors that have-to doe with our memory? holding is state to be the process and means by which we retain in souration and later on reanimate that corresponding information from storage when we need it in the present (Bjorklund, Schneider, & Hernandez Blasi, 2003 Crowder, 1976 Tulving & Craik, 2000). When we baffle something, we do not entirely insert all the information in our memory. Studies memorialise that there are different techniques that aid in suitable memory retention. in that respect are in like manner several dynamic theories ab out memory being a storage station for all our one-time(prenominal ) experiences which involve sensory and informative data.Furthermore, there are also several(a) processes through which we could access, recall, remember, or recognize these data in our memory. Although there are extensive query studies about memory and its processes, it is interesting to look at some factors that aid or hinder memory recall and retention. One of these factors which are given particular interest and attention is the role of emotion on our memory. There are instances when we recall a part of our memory in vivid clarity as if it is reenacted in our minds and retrieved in full detail.This is what we call flashbulb memory (Brown & Kulik, 1977). The reason behind this phenomenon is that the event that happened could be so unrestrainedly powerful that it became strongly retained in our memory. In the event that you experience something that has a very strong activated impact, you tend to remember the details more clearly and when you need to retrieve that definite in formation, you would be able to easily recall it accurately (Bohannon, 1988).This could manifest in both the open and implicit memory, with the former requiring the person to deliberately pull out the memory from storage and put it out in consciousness, and the latter being an automatic response to the emotional trigger. To further illustrate the capacity of affect to influence memory, a study was made by Heuer and Reisberg in 1990 which showed that materials which show more emotion than mistakable ones with less emotional impact are more likely to be stored in ones memory and could be therefore retrieved easily in general and in detail as come up (Christianson, 1992).Furthermore, it was also found that the mood or emotion where we were in when a specific situation happened would some likely serve as a retrieval cue when we experience the same mood in the present (Baddeley, 1989). For an instance, when we experience a true situation when we are in a state of sadness, we would well-nigh likely remember the memory of the same experience when we are placed in the same emotional state. This is called the memory-dependent memory stamps (Christianson, 1992). Biologically-speaking, the interaction between memory and affect could be attributed to certain processes in various parts of the brain.Brain processes involved in the evaluation of rewards and punishments are directly related to affect in the sense that it depends upon the emotional impact of a certain situation to be determined if it is a form of a compensation or a penalty (Rolls, 2000). Because of this, it could be inferred that since emotion influences memory processes, data-driven information and past situations are stored in our memory in the basis of a reward-punishment system. Essentially, when a certain event, person, place, or thing is categorized as something rewarding, it could be more easily encoded and retrieved.This categorization and selection happens in the amygdala, which is the center of emotional touch on, and the data that get to pass through and be encoded encompass the mechanism in the hippocampus, which is on the former(a) hand related to memory. Emotions disinhibit the barrier that the CA3 hippocampal area creates and so the data inputs could then proceed to the prefrontal noetic cortex to be stored in memory (Neugebauer, et al. , 1999). It is also found in the study by Fast, et al. (1999) that the amygdaloidal complex is primarily responsible with the emotional mechanism which affects memory retrieval.Subjects who have lesions in the amygdalo-hippocampal area do not only suffer from amnesia, but they also show significant impairments in memory process related with emotional arousal. The reason behind this is that the AC organizes the information that are encoded, stored, and retrieved in our memory. Another effect that emotion has on memory is what is called by Christianson (1992) as resource allocation effects, which is the impairment of the memory proc essing when a person experience an extreme or negative emotion or mood during encryption or retrieval.In this case, the person might find it difficult to access his/her memory of a certain situation, person, thing, or place because it has become a somewhat traumatic experience and the emotion that goes with it blocks the memory process. There are also some contradicting views that affect could not facilitate the retrieval or encoding of memory information. Some studies say that experiencing a negative emotion, for an instance, could prevent the person from remembering the details of a certain situation or event.This is the reason why most look forers focus on the determinants and factors which would tell what specific grade of data or information does emotion facilitate or impede. Although most of the existing studies focus on the effects of emotion on the memory processes, there are also some minor studies which show that memories of past experiences affect the present mood or em otional state of a person (Christianson, 1992). though this angle is not yet looked at more closely by researchers, we most of the time experience this feeling, which we sometimes call nostalgia.Because memory and emotion are such complex topics when studied on their own, it is a more complicated feat to research on the interaction of the devil concepts and their effect on distributively other. However, a lot of studies are being made in order to understand better these two psychological phenomena when they intertwine in their processes and how they affect the human psyche.ReferencesBaddeley, A. D. (1989). The psychology of remembering and forgetting. In T. Butler (Ed. ) Memory History, culture and the mind. London Basil Blackwell. Bjorklund, D. F. , Schneider, W., & Hernandez Blasi, C. (2003). Memory. In L. Nadel (Ed. ), Encyclopedia of cognitive science, 2, p. 1059-1065. Nature Publishing Group. Bohannon, J. (1988). Flashbulb memories for the space shuttle disaster A tale of two theories. Cognition, 29(2), p. 179-196. Brown, R. & Kulik, J. (1977). Flashbulb memories. Cognition, 5, p. 73-99. Christianson, S. (1992). The handbook of emotion and memory research and theory. Crowder, R. G. (1976). Principles of learning and memory. Erlbaum. Fast, K. , Fujiwara, E. , Grubich, C. , Markowitsch, H. J. , & Herrmann, M. (1999).Role of the amygdala in emotional memory. Memory and Emotion. p. 430. Neugebauer, A. , Calabrese, P. , Schmieder, K. , Harders, A. , Ferri, D. & Gehlen, W. (1999). Memory and emotion processing in healthy subjects, focal brain-damaged and patients with Alzheimers disease. Memory and Emotion. p. 113. Rolls, E. T. (2000). Precis of the brain and emotion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 23. p. 177-191. Sternberg, R. J. (2006). Cognitive psychology. capital of Singapore Thomson Wadsworth. Tulving, E. , & Craik, F. I. M. (Eds. ) (2000). The Oxford handbook of memory. New York Oxford University Press.

Leo Tolstoy

LEO TOLSTOY Leo Tolstoy, or CountLyev Nikolayevich Tolstoy1(Russian ?) (September 9, 1828 November 20, 19102), was a Russian writer ofrealist fictionand philosophical essays. His worksWar and PeaceandAnna Kargonninarepresent, in their scope, breadth and vivid depiction of 19th-century Russian life history and attitudes, a peak ofrealist fiction. 3 Tolstoys further talents as essayist, dramatist, and educational re source made him the most influential member of the low-spiritedTolstoy family.His literal interpretation of the ethical teachings of Jesus, centering on theSermon on the Mount, ca utilise him in later life to become a ferventChristian anarchistandanarcho-pacifist. His ideas on nonviolent resistance, ex bring uped in frequently(prenominal) works asThe Kingdom of God Is Within You, were to have a profound impact on such pivotal twentieth-century figures asMohandas Gandhi4andMartin Luther King, Jr. 5Many consider Tolstoy to have been one of the worlds greatest novelists . 67 annals Tolstoy was born inYasnaya Polyana, the family estate in theTularegion of Russia.TheTolstoyswere a well-kn ingest family of old Russian nobility. He was the fourth of tail fin children of CountNikolai Ilyich Tolstoy, a veteran of the1812 french invasion of Russia, and Countess Mariya Tolstaya (Volkonskaya). Tolstoys parents died when he was young, so he and his siblings were brought up by relatives. In 1844, he began studying law and oriental languages atKazan University. His teachers described him as twain unable and unwilling to learn. 8Tolstoy left university in the middle of his studies, returned to Yasnaya Polyana and whence spent much of his sequence in Moscow andSaint Petersburg.In 1851, afterwards running up heavy gambling debts, he went with his older brother to theCaucasusand joined thearmy. It was close to this time that he started writing. His conversion from a dissolute and interior society author to the non-violent and spiritual anarchist of his lat ter days was brought about by his experience in the army as well as two trips around Europe in 1857 and 186061. Others who followed the same roadway wereAlexander Herzen,Mikhail Bakunin, andPeter Kropotkin. During his 1857 visit, Tolstoy witnessed a public execution in Paris, a traumatic experience that would secern the rest of his life.Writing in a letter to his friend V. P. Botkin The truth is that the State is a camarilla designed not only to exploit, but above all to corrupt its citizens Henceforth, I shall nevenr dish any government anywhere. His European trip in 186061 shaped both his political and literary trans general anatomyation when he metVictor Hugo, whose literary talents Tolstoy praised after reading Hugos new-madely finishedLes Miserables. A affinity of Hugos novel and TolstoysWar and Peace presents the influence of the evocation of its battle scenes.Tolstoys political philosophy was also influenced by a March 1861 visit to french anarchistPierre-Joseph Prou dhon, then living in exile chthonic an assumed name in Brussels. Apart from reviewing Proudhons forthcoming publication,La Guerre et la Paix(War and Peacein French), whose title Tolstoy would borrow for his masterpiece, the two men discussed education, as Tolstoy wrote in his educational notebooks If I recount this conversation with Proudhon, it is to show that, in my personal experience, he was the only man who understood the significance of education and of the printing press in our time. Fired by enthusiasm, Tolstoy returned to Yasnaya Polyana and founded thirteen schools for his serfs children, base on the principles Tolstoy described in his 1862 essay The instill at Yasnaya Polyana. 9Tolstoys educational experiments were short-lived ascribable to harassment by theTsaristsecret police. However, as a direct forerunner toA. S. NeillsSummerhill School, the school at Yasnaya Polyana10can justifiably be claimed to be the start ideal of a coherent theory of democratic educatio n. Personal lifeOn September 23, 1862, Tolstoy marriedSophia Andreevna Bers, who was 16 years his junior and the daughter of a court physician. She was called Sonya, the Russian diminutive of Sofya, by her family and friends. 11They had thirteen children, five of whom died during childhood. 12The marriage was marked from the outset by sexual passion and emotional insensitivity when Tolstoy, on the eve of their marriage, gave her his diaries detailing his extensive sexual past and the fact that one of the serfs on his estate had borne him a son. 11 raze so, their early married life was ostensibly appy and allowed Tolstoy much freedom to composeWar and PeaceandAnna Kareninawith Sonya acting as his secretary, proof-reader and financial manager. 11However, their latter life together has been described byA. N. Wilsonas one of the unhappiest in literary history. Tolstoys relationship with his wife deteriorated as his beliefs became increasingly radical. This saw him seeking to reject hi s inherited and bring in wealth, including the renunciation of the copyrights on his earlier works. His fiction consistently attempts to convey realistically the Russian society in which he lived.Anna Karenina(1877) tells parallel stories of an adulterous woman trapped by the conventions and falsities of society and of a philosophical landholder (much like Tolstoy), who works alongside the peasants in the fields and seeks to reform their lives. Tolstoy not only drew from his sustain life experiences but also created characters in his own image, such as Pierre Bezukhov and Prince Andrei inWar and Peace, Levin inAnna Kareninaand to nearly extent, Prince Nekhlyudov inResurrection Anna Karenina Great mixed bag overs were taking place during the mid-1870s in Russia. The serfs had been liberated in 1861.This was a long-overdue economic change in Russian society, but unfortunately it was not matched with land reform. As a result, most former serfs continued to work on the large farms as free peasants. The land question, also cognize as the peasant question, was a major political issue in Russia at the time of Anna Karenina. Tolstoy weighs in on this issue in many parts of the book, especially Part Three. At the same time, Russia was slowly and distressingly undergoing a process of modernization. westerly Europe had already established many stages of industrialization, and Russia was far behind.Many of the new changes that were happening within Russia were in response to the changes in Europe. Western thought about democracy, liberalism, and social change accompanied the technological innovations that were imported throughout the mid-1870s and later 19th century. While many intellectuals and members of society saw this phenomenon in a positive light, others, like Tolstoy, were horrified by the negative aspects of Western progress? the skip of the urban center, the emergence of capitalism, decadent living, and the disconnection of people from the land.Some of Tolstoys horror was well-placed not all Western innovations would work in Russia. For all of its backwardness, Russia was not Europe, and few ideas or technological innovations would change that fact. The scene in which Levin attempts to implement a new agricultural theory on his farm and meets with resistance from his peasants, for example, has a tail end in reality. A great deal of the spiritual underpinnings of Anna Karenina, especially Levins struggle to find the Lord, are based on Tolstoys own life. angiotensin converting enzyme critic has called Anna Karenina a spiritual autobiography. Tolstoy went through many religious crises in his life and struggled to find a way of living religiously that fought against the hypocrises and greed of the Greek Orthodox Church. though the Church is not addressed specifically in this novel? indeed, Tolstoy was excommunicated a few years after its publication and was probably being careful not to upset them with any commentary in Anna Kareni na? it is resilient to think about Tolstoys own spiritual questions when reading this book.Gabriel Garcia Marquez Latin-American journalist, novelist and short story writer, a cardinal figure in the so-called Magic Realism movement. Gabriel Garcia Marquez was born in Aracataca, in the banana order of Colombia, the first child of Luisa Santiaga Marquez, the daughter of Colonel Nicolas Marquez, and Gabriel Eligio Garcia, an itinerant homeopath and pharmacist. Soon after his birth, his parents left him to be reared by his grandparents and three aunts. At the age of fifteen, he was sent to the Liceo de Zipaquira, a high school for the gifted.He then studied law and journalism at the National University in Bogota and at the University of Cartagena. In 1982 Garcia Marquez was awarded the Nobel regard as for Literature. Love in the time of cholera Love in the Time of Cholera, published in 1985, wasGabriel Garcia Marquezs first book after winning the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1982. Although it has often been compared negatively with Marquezs greatest achievement,One Hundred Years of Solitude, many critics see Love in the Time of Cholera as a convincing and strengthful love story that deftly accomplishes the goal Marquez et for himself writing a story about love between two people of an age that no respected writer had managed before Gustave Flaubert French novelist of the realist school, best-known for MADAME BOVARY (1857), a story of adultery and unhappy love affair of the provincial wife Emma Bovary. As a writer Flaubert was a perfectionist, who did not make a distinction between a well-favoured or ugly subject all was in the style. The idea, he argued, only exists by virtue of its form its elements included the perfect word, cunningly contrived and verified rhythms, and a genuine architectural structure.Madame Bovarywas first translated into face by Karl Marxs daughter Eleanor Marx. Gustave Flaubert was born in Rouen into a family of doctors. His fathe r, Achille-Cleophas Flaubert, a chief surgeon at the Rouen municipal hospital, made money investing in land. Flauberts mother, Anne-Justine-Caroline (nee Fleuriot), was the daughter of a physician she became the most important person in the authors life. Anne-Justine-Caroline died in 1872 Flaubert began to write during his school years. At the age of fifteen he won a prize for an essay on mushrooms.Actually his work was a copy. A disappointment in his teens Flaubert pelt in love with Elisa Schlesinger, who was married and some 10 years his senior inspired much of his early writing. His bourgeois background Flaubert found early burdensome, and eventually his rebel against it led to his expulsion from school. Flaubert completed his education privately in Paris. On his return Flaubert startedMadame Bovary, which took five years to complete. The realistic depiction of adultery was condemned as offensive to morality and religion. nce Flaubert said Emma, cest moi. Delphine Delamare, wh o died in 1848, is alleged to have been the original of Emma Bovary. Flaubert died of a rational hemorrhage on May 8, in 1880. Flauberts other, non-literary life was marked by his prodigious appetite for prostitutes, which once in a while led to venereal infections. Direct experiences of the author also were reworked into the novel. For instance, in creating Emma Bovary, the novels lifter, Flaubert was inspired by his mistress Louise Colet, who gave him the insight to consider Emmas discontented childhood.Moreover, DoctorLarivierewas based on Flauberts father, and the maid Felicite was based on Flauberts nurse, Julie. Flaubert also used medical terminology with the help of his brother Achille and his friend Bouilhet. Initially the novel was considered highly controversial due to its depiction of adulterous affairs, and it was the subject of a trial in 1857. Flaubert delves into the sexual relations between Emma and her lovers and, more importantly, appears to glorify adultery a nd disgrace marriage. Since it was considered inappropriate for the public, precautions were taken to prohibit access to the book.Setting The setting of Madame Bovary is polar to the novel for several reasons. First, it is important as it applies to Flauberts realist style and social commentary. Secondly, the setting is important in how it relates to the protagonist Emma. It has been calculated that the novel begins in October 1827 and ends in August 1846 (Francis Steegmuller). This is around the era known as the July Monarchy, or the rule ofKing Louis-Philippe. This was a period in which there was a great up-surge in the power of the bourgeois middle class.Flaubert detested the bourgeoisie. Much of the time and effort, therefore, that he spends detailing the customs of the rural French people can be interpreted as social criticism. Flaubert put much effort into do sure his depictions of common life were accurate. This was aided by the fact that he chose a subject that was in trut h familiar to him. He chose to set the story in and around the city ofRoueninNormandy, the setting of his own birth and childhood. This care and detail that Flaubert gives to his setting is important in looking at the style of the novel.It is this subjection to the mundane elements of country life that has garnered the book its reputation as the beginning of the literary movement known as literary realism. Flaubert also deliberately used his setting to contrast with his protagonist. Emmas romantic fantasies are strikingly foiled by the practicalities of the common life around her. Flaubert uses this juxtaposition to reflect on both subjects. Emma becomes more capricious and ludicrous in the harsh light of everyday reality. By the same token, however, the big-chested banality of the local people is magnified in omparison to Emma, who, though impractical, still reflects an appreciation of beauty and grandness that seems entirely absent in thebourgeoisclass. Flauberts novel is a lan dmark in that unlike the books of his predecessors, it produces a story of gritty and perhaps even jarring reality. While even today the romance of the Hollywood ending is popular, the realism of Madame Bovary was quickly reflected in classic works such as Fyodor Dostoevskys The moron (1869) and Leo Tolstoys Anna Karenina (1877).This paper uses the authors sounds in Anna Karenina and Chronicle of a Death Foretold to compare Leo Tolstoys and Gabriel Garcia Marquezs cynical tone towards society. Both authors use satire and irony to criticize the corruption of society and the institution of marriage. The paper shows that Tolstoy focuses on his disapproval of the upper-class aristocracy, while Garcia Marquez satirizes society in general. Tolstoy does not present the aristocracy with much revere or morals, unlike Garcia Marquez who uses a town that, although is corrupted, still has a strong moral back bone.